Our Blog
Insights on taxation, compliance, arbitration, and global business in India.
India entry guides for US, Australian, UK, Singapore, Japanese, German and Chinese companiesIndia Entry Guides by Country
Complete guide series for setting up and running an Indian subsidiary from your home country: incorporation, FEMA, tax treaties, payroll, compliance and exit, with a full FAQ for each country.
Incorporation Process for an Indian Subsidiary, Step by Step
The eight steps to incorporate a wholly owned subsidiary in India from the USA, forms and typical 4 to 6 week timeline
Read guideSubsidiary vs Branch vs Liaison Office vs LLP in India
Compare the four ways a US company can enter India: activities, approvals, tax and control
Read guideDocuments and Apostille for an India Subsidiary (US Parent)
Which documents a US parent must prepare, and how notarization and apostille work for US state and federal documents
Read guideResident Director Requirement for an Indian Company
Who qualifies as a Resident Director, options for US parents, and duties
Read guideFunding an Indian Subsidiary: FEMA and Form FC-GPR
Equity, CCPS, ECB, the 60-day allotment rule, pricing, and RBI reporting through Form FC-GPR
Read guideShare Valuation for Foreign Investment in India
Why shares issued to a US parent need a valuation, who can certify it, and the FEMA pricing floor
Read guideRepatriating Profits from India to the US: Forms and Tax
Dividends, service fees, royalties, loans, Forms 145 and 146, Withholding Tax and DTAA relief
Read guideEOR vs Subsidiary in India: Which Is Right for a US Company?
Speed, control, compliance, tax presence and when to convert from an Employer of Record to your own entity
Read guideTransfer Pricing in India for US-Owned Subsidiaries
Arm's length pricing, documentation, Form 48, methods, safe harbour and audits
Read guideIndia-US Tax Treaty and Permanent Establishment Risk
Withholding Tax rates, Tax Residency Certificate, Form 41 and permanent establishment risk
Read guideUS Reporting for an Indian Subsidiary: Form 5471, FBAR
Form 5471, FBAR, Form 8938 and other US-side reporting for a US parent
Read guideIndia Subsidiary Compliance Calendar for US Companies
Monthly, quarterly, annual and event-based filings under company, tax, GST, FEMA and labour law
Read guideAudit of a US Company's Indian Subsidiary and ICOFR
Statutory audit, tax audit, GST audit and internal controls over financial reporting
Read guideHandling Indian Tax Notices for a US-Owned Subsidiary
First steps, appeal routes, DRP, ITAT, MAP and Advance Pricing Agreements
Read guideContracts and Arbitration in India for US Companies
Intercompany and customer contracts, governing law, arbitration clauses and enforcing awards in India
Read guideESOPs for Indian Employees of a US Parent Company
FEMA reporting, employee tax, valuation, cost recharge and transfer pricing for ESOPs
Read guideRestructuring, Mergers and Exit for an Indian Subsidiary
Share sale, slump sale, merger, buyback, strike-off and liquidation, with tax and RBI steps
Read guideSending a US Executive to India: Visa, Housing and Tax
Employment visa, FRRO registration, housing, banking, tax residency and permanent establishment risk
Read guideGlobal VAT for US Companies Selling Abroad
VAT registration, B2B and B2C rules and compliance for US companies selling into Europe, the UK and beyond
Read guideHiring in India: Contracts, Payroll and Statutory Compliance
Employment contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, professional tax and India's labour codes
Read guide10 Common Mistakes US Companies Make Setting Up in India
The most common and costly mistakes, and how to avoid each, with a pre-filing checklist
Read guide216 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from the USA
Plain answers on incorporation, FEMA, tax, hiring, compliance, repatriation, ESOPs, M&A and closing an Indian subsidiary
Read guideTax and Social Security Treaties for US Companies in India
The India-US tax treaty (DTAA) and social security for US expats: treaty rates, residency, EPF, FICA and the missing totalization agreement
Read guideIndia-US DTAA: Tax Treaty Between the US and India Explained
How the India-US tax treaty works: who qualifies, which taxes it covers, how treaty and domestic law interact, residency, relief from double tax and disputes
Read guideIndia-US DTAA Withholding Tax Rates for Payments to the US
Treaty rates for payments from India to the US: dividends 15% or 25%, interest 10% or 15%, royalties and fees 10% or 15%. Conditions and how to apply them
Read guideClaiming India-US Treaty Benefits: Form 6166 and Form 41
Documents needed to claim India-US treaty rates: IRS Form 6166, Form 41 (previously Form 10F), no-PE declaration and beneficial ownership
Read guideTax Residency for US Expats in India: Treaty and Credits
Which country taxes a US expat in India: Indian residency tests, US worldwide tax, the treaty tie-breaker, foreign tax credit and exclusion
Read guideUS-India Totalization Agreement: Social Security for Expats
Is there a US-India social security agreement? What applies to a US expat in India: provident fund, US FICA, double coverage and planning
Read guideEPF for International Workers in India: Rules for US Expats
How Indian provident fund applies to foreign nationals: international worker rules, no wage ceiling, withdrawal, court rulings and the 2026 EPF Scheme
Read guideUS Social Security (FICA) for Americans Working in India
When Social Security and Medicare tax apply to Americans working in India: US employer, Indian subsidiary, Section 3121(l) agreements and self-employment
Read guideTreaty and Social Security FAQs for India-US Expats
50 plain answers on the India-US tax treaty, DTAA withholding rates, Form 6166 and 41, expat tax, EPF, FICA and the missing totalization agreement
Read guideIncorporating an Indian Subsidiary from Australia, Step by Step
The eight steps to incorporate a wholly owned subsidiary in India from Australia: forms, order of steps, typical 4 to 6 week timeline and first 90 days
Read guideSubsidiary vs Branch vs Liaison Office vs LLP for Australian Companies
Compare the four ways an Australian company can enter India: wholly owned subsidiary, branch office, liaison office and LLP. Activities, approvals, tax and control
Read guideDocuments and Apostille for an India Subsidiary (Australian Parent)
Which documents an Australian parent must prepare to incorporate an Indian subsidiary, and how notarisation and DFAT apostille work for Australian company documents
Read guideResident Director Rules for an Australian-Owned Indian Company
Every Indian company needs a Resident Director who has stayed in India 182 days in the financial year. Who qualifies, options for Australian parents, and duties
Read guideFunding an Indian Subsidiary from Australia: FEMA and Form FC-GPR
How an Australian parent invests in an Indian subsidiary: equity, CCPS, ECB, the 60-day allotment rule, pricing, and RBI reporting through Form FC-GPR on FIRMS
Read guideShare Valuation for Australian Investment in India
Why shares issued to an Australian parent need a valuation, who can certify it, the pricing floor under FEMA, and when you need a fresh valuation
Read guideRepatriating Profits from India to Australia: Forms and Tax
How an Australian parent receives money from its Indian subsidiary: dividends, service fees, royalties, loans. Forms 145 and 146, Withholding Tax and DTAA relief
Read guideEOR vs Subsidiary in India: Which Is Right for an Australian Company?
Compare an Employer of Record with your own Indian subsidiary: speed, control, compliance, tax presence and when to convert. A guide for Australian companies
Read guideTransfer Pricing in India for Australian-Owned Subsidiaries
How transfer pricing works for an Indian subsidiary of an Australian company: arm's length pricing, documentation, Form 48, methods, safe harbour and audits
Read guideIndia-Australia DTAA: A Guide to the Tax Treaty for Australian Companies
The India-Australia double taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) explained article by article, with India as the source state and Australia as the residence state: tax rates table, permanent establishment, business profits, dividends, interest, royalties, capital gains, employees, relief, MAP and how to claim treaty benefits
Read guideIndia-Australia Tax Treaty (DTAA) and Permanent Establishment Risk
How the India-Australia tax treaty (DTAA) applies to payments to your Australian parent: Withholding Tax rates, Tax Residency Certificate, Form 41 and permanent establishment risk
Read guideTreaty and Social Security for Foreign Employees in India: DTAA Article 15 and the India-Australia SSA
How the India-Australia DTAA (Article 15) and the India-Australia Social Security Agreement apply to Australian employees working in India: the 183-day rule, Indian tax residency, certificates of coverage, provident fund and superannuation
Read guideAustralian Parent Reporting for an Indian Subsidiary: CFC Rules, IDS and More
Australian tax reporting that follows when you own an Indian subsidiary: CFC rules, the International Dealings Schedule, foreign income tax offsets, transfer pricing and thin capitalisation. A guide for Australian finance teams
Read guideIndia Subsidiary Compliance Calendar for Australian Companies
The recurring compliance of an Australian-owned Indian subsidiary: monthly, quarterly, annual and event-based filings under company, tax, GST, FEMA and labour law
Read guideAudit and Internal Controls (ICOFR) for Indian Subsidiaries of Australian Companies
Statutory audit, tax audit, GST audit and internal controls over financial reporting for an Indian subsidiary of an Australian group. What to expect and how to prepare
Read guideHandling Indian Tax Notices and Disputes for an Australian-Owned Subsidiary
What an Australian-owned Indian subsidiary should do on receiving an income tax, GST or transfer pricing notice: first steps, DRP, ITAT, treaty MAP and APAs
Read guideContracts and Arbitration in India for Australian Companies
Contracts between an Australian parent and its Indian subsidiary: governing law, arbitration clauses, the New York Convention and enforcing awards in India
Read guideESOPs for Indian Employees of an Australian Parent Company
How ESOPs and RSUs work for employees of an Indian subsidiary: FEMA reporting, employee tax, valuation, cost recharge and transfer pricing for an Australian parent
Read guideRestructuring or Exiting an Australian-Owned Indian Subsidiary
Options for an Australian parent to restructure, sell, merge or close its Indian subsidiary: share sale, slump sale, merger, buyback, strike-off and liquidation
Read guideSending an Australian Executive to India: Visa, Housing and Tax
How to relocate an Australian executive to India: employment visa, FRRO registration, housing, banking, tax residency and permanent establishment risk for the parent
Read guideGlobal VAT and GST for Australian Companies Selling Abroad
How VAT and GST work for Australian companies selling digital services and goods into Europe, the UK, New Zealand, India and beyond: registration, B2B and B2C rules and compliance
Read guideHiring in India for Australian Companies: Payroll and Compliance
How Australian companies hire in India: employment contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, professional tax, payroll steps and India's labour codes
Read guide13 Common Mistakes Australian Companies Make Setting Up in India
The 13 most common and costly mistakes Australian companies make when setting up an Indian subsidiary, and how to avoid each. Includes a pre-filing checklist
Read guide266 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from Australia
266 plain answers for Australian companies: incorporation, FEMA, tax, the India-Australia treaty, hiring, compliance, repatriation, ESOPs, M&A and closing an Indian subsidiary
Read guide13 Mistakes UK Companies Make Setting Up in India, and How to Avoid Them
The 13 most common and costly mistakes UK companies make setting up an Indian subsidiary, with the fix for each and a pre-filing checklist
Read guideCompliance Calendar for an Indian Subsidiary of a UK Company: Month by Month Against the UK Year
A month-by-month compliance calendar for an Indian subsidiary: GST, TDS, provident fund, advance tax, AGM, ROC and RBI filings, mapped against the UK parent's Companies House and HMRC dates
Read guideContracts, Courts and Arbitration for UK Companies in India: English Judgments, LCIA and Indian Courts
How a UK company should draft contracts with its Indian subsidiary and customers, choose governing law and seat, and enforce English court judgments and arbitral awards in India
Read guideData Protection for UK Companies in India: UK GDPR, the DPDP Act and Transfers to India
How a UK company moves personal data to and from an Indian subsidiary: UK GDPR transfer rules, India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act and Rules, timelines, and practical contract terms
Read guideDocuments for an Indian Subsidiary from the UK: Companies House, Notary and Apostille
The documents a UK company needs to incorporate an Indian subsidiary, how Companies House papers, notarisation and the UK apostille work, and the mistakes that cost weeks
Read guideSelling, Restructuring or Closing an Indian Subsidiary: A Guide for UK Parents
How a UK parent can sell, merge, restructure or close an Indian subsidiary: share sale, slump sale, merger, buyback and winding up, with Indian tax, RBI reporting and the UK substantial shareholding exemption
Read guideFunding an Indian Subsidiary from the UK: FEMA, Pricing, Valuation and Form FC-GPR
How a UK parent puts money into an Indian subsidiary legally: equity, convertible preference shares and loans, the fair-value pricing floor, the 60-day allotment rule and Form FC-GPR
Read guideGlobal Capability Centres in India for UK Companies: Models, Regulation and Transfer Pricing
How a UK company can build a captive Global Capability Centre (GCC) in India: models, stages, regulated-firm third-party rules, transfer pricing, PE risk, talent and governance
Read guideHiring in India as a UK Employer: Contracts, Payroll, Labour Codes and Share Plans
How a UK company should hire in India through its subsidiary: contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, the labour codes, payroll, and how to extend share plans to Indian employees
Read guideIncorporating an Indian Subsidiary from the UK: A 12-Week Plan
A week-by-week plan for a UK company to incorporate a wholly owned Indian subsidiary: documents, DSC and DIN, SPICe+, bank account, FC-GPR, first board meeting and the first 90 days
Read guideIndia-UK CETA: What the Trade Agreement Changes for UK Companies Entering India
What the India-UK CETA means for a UK company that wants to set up, staff or sell through an Indian subsidiary: services access, staff mobility, the Double Contributions Convention and what stays unchanged
Read guideIndia-UK DTAA: Article-by-Article Guide to the Tax Treaty for UK Companies
The India-UK double taxation convention explained article by article from the UK parent's point of view: rates table, permanent establishment, royalties and fees, gains, employees, relief and how to claim
Read guideRelocating UK Staff to India: Visas, FRRO Registration, Housing and Day-Count Control
How to move a UK employee to India: employment visa or short-stay visa, CETA intra-corporate transfers, FRRO registration, housing, banking, family and the day-count controls
Read guideGetting Money Out of India: Dividends, Fees, Royalties and Loan Repayments to a UK Parent
The routes a UK parent has for taking money out of its Indian subsidiary, with the Indian tax, UK tax, forms and timing for each route
Read guideSubsidiary, Branch, Liaison Office or LLP: Choosing a Structure in India from the UK
How a UK company should choose between an Indian subsidiary, branch, liaison office, LLP or Employer of Record, and whether to hold it directly or through an intermediate company
Read guideTransfer Pricing for UK-Owned Indian Subsidiaries: Documentation, Methods and Audits
How Indian transfer pricing applies to an Indian subsidiary of a UK group: arm's length pricing, Form 48, documentation, methods, safe harbours, audits and how it differs from the UK regime
Read guideUK Employees in India: Tax Treaty, Residence and the Double Contributions Convention
How the India-UK tax treaty (Articles 15 and 16), Indian tax residence, provident fund and the 2026 India-UK Double Contributions Convention apply to UK employees working in India
Read guideUK Parent Obligations for an Indian Subsidiary: CFC Rules, Dividend Exemption and Transfer Pricing
The UK-side tax and compliance duties of a parent with an Indian subsidiary: dividend exemption, CFC rules, foreign tax credit, UK transfer pricing, Pillar Two, and the UK bribery and failure-to-prevent-fraud laws
Read guide122 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from the UK
122 plain answers for UK companies: incorporation, FEMA, the India-UK tax treaty, CETA, staff and social security, data protection, compliance, repatriation and exit
Read guide12 Common Mistakes Singapore Companies Make in India (and the Fix for Each)
The twelve mistakes we see most often when a Singapore company sets up an Indian subsidiary: treaty assumptions, holdco substance, EPF for PRs, services PE, FEMA clocks, stamping, data transfers and year-end gaps
Read guideCompliance Calendar for an Indian Subsidiary with a Singapore Parent
A calendar of Indian monthly, quarterly and annual filings for a subsidiary of a Singapore company, with the Singapore parent's ACRA and IRAS dates alongside and a note on year-end alignment
Read guideContracts, Courts and SIAC Arbitration: Enforcing Singapore Awards and Judgments in India
How a Singapore parent protects its Indian subsidiary contracts: choice of law, SIAC arbitration, enforcing Singapore awards and judgments in India, stamping, interim relief and drafting points
Read guideData Protection for Singapore Companies in India: PDPA Transfers and India's DPDP Act
How Singapore's PDPA and India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act apply when a Singapore company has an Indian subsidiary: transfer limitation, contracts, breach notice, consent, penalties and a build plan
Read guideDocuments for an Indian Subsidiary: ACRA Records, Notary and Apostille from Singapore
The document checklist for a Singapore parent forming an Indian subsidiary: ACRA business profile, constitution, board resolution, director identity papers, notarisation and the Singapore Academy of Law apostille
Read guideSelling, Restructuring or Closing an Indian Subsidiary Owned from Singapore
Exit routes for a Singapore parent: sale of Indian shares and treaty position by acquisition date, FEMA pricing and reporting, indirect transfer, buyback, strike-off, voluntary liquidation and group restructuring
Read guideFunding an Indian Subsidiary from Singapore: Equity, ECB and FEMA Reporting
How a Singapore parent funds an Indian subsidiary: equity pricing, compulsorily convertible instruments, external commercial borrowings, remittance mechanics, FC-GPR and annual FLA return
Read guideGlobal Capability Centres in India for Singapore Companies: Models, Pricing and Tax
How Singapore headquartered groups build captive centres in India: build-operate-transfer, captive subsidiary and hybrid models, cost-plus pricing, GST on exports, PE risk, MAS third-party rules and talent
Read guideHiring in India for a Singapore Company: Contracts, Provident Fund, Labour Codes and Share Plans
A comparison for Singapore HR teams hiring in India: employment contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, labour codes, notice and termination, payroll tax and share plans, set against Singapore practice
Read guideIncorporating an Indian Subsidiary from Singapore: Who Does What, and When
A split plan for a Singapore parent forming an Indian private limited company: what the Singapore team does, what the Indian team does, SPICe+, bank account, FC-GPR and the first 180 days
Read guideIndia-Singapore CECA: What the 2005 Trade Agreement Means for Singapore Companies in India
What the India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) means for a Singapore company with an Indian subsidiary: investment, services, people, the EPF exemption and the open review
Read guideIndia-Singapore DTAA: Article-by-Article Guide to the Tax Treaty for Singapore Companies
The India-Singapore double taxation agreement explained article by article from the Singapore parent's point of view: rates table, permanent establishment, share gains, limitation of benefits and how to claim
Read guideRelocating Singapore Staff to India: Visas, OCI, FRRO and Day-Count Controls
How to move employees from Singapore to India: e-Business and employment visas, the USD 25,000 salary floor, dependants, OCI for people of Indian origin, FRRO registration, residence tests and housing
Read guideRepatriating Profits from India to Singapore: Dividends, Fees, Royalties and Loans
How a Singapore parent receives money from an Indian subsidiary: dividends at the treaty rate, fees and royalties at arm's length, interest and ECB repayments, Section 393 withholding, Forms 41, 145 and 146
Read guideSingapore Employees in India: Treaty, EPF Exemption and CPF
How income tax, India's Employees' Provident Fund and Singapore's CPF apply to Singapore staff working in India: the treaty's 183-day test, the citizen exemption, and PR and foreign-national gaps
Read guideUsing a Singapore Holding Company for India: Treaty Benefits, Substance and Limits
How a Singapore holdco is used to own Indian subsidiaries: treaty positions on dividends and gains, grandfathering, Article 24A limitation of benefits, principal purpose test, POEM, GAAR and indirect transfer risk
Read guideSingapore Parent Obligations: Tax, ACRA and Law for a Company with an Indian Subsidiary
Singapore-side duties for a parent with an Indian subsidiary: territorial tax, foreign-sourced income exemption, no capital gains tax, GST, ACRA filings, transfer pricing, Pillar Two and anti-corruption law
Read guideChoosing an Indian Structure from Singapore: Subsidiary, Branch, LLP, GIFT City or EOR
A decision guide for Singapore companies: wholly owned subsidiary, branch, liaison office, LLP, GIFT City IFSC unit and EOR, with eligibility tests, tax results and a choice by business model
Read guideTransfer Pricing Between Singapore and India: Form 48, Benchmarking and IRAS Differences
How transfer pricing works between Singapore and India: Indian arm's length rules, Form 48, documentation, master file, safe harbours, IRAS routine support mark-up, APAs and the mutual agreement route
Read guide143 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from Singapore
143 plain answers for Singapore companies: incorporation, FEMA, the India-Singapore tax treaty, holding companies, staff and provident fund, data protection, compliance, repatriation and exit
Read guideCommon Mistakes German Companies Make When Entering India
The most frequent mistakes German companies make when setting up in India: late FEMA filings, missing forms for treaty relief, works council surprises, apostille errors, PE creation and transfer pricing gaps.
Read guideCompliance Calendar for an Indian Subsidiary of a German Company
A month-by-month compliance calendar for an Indian subsidiary of a German parent: TDS, GST, PF and ESI, advance tax, AGM, AOC-4, MGT-7, FLA return and the German-side reports.
Read guideContracts, Courts and Arbitration: Protecting a German Parent and Enforcing in India
How a German parent protects its Indian subsidiary contracts: choice of law, DIS and other arbitration, why German court judgments need a fresh suit in India, enforcing awards, stamping and the investment protection gap.
Read guideData Protection for German Companies in India: GDPR Transfers and India's DPDP Act
How the GDPR and India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act apply when a German company has an Indian subsidiary: standard contractual clauses, transfer impact assessments, employee data, works council rights, breach notice and penalties.
Read guideDocuments for an Indian Subsidiary: Handelsregister Extract, Notary and Apostille from Germany
The document checklist for a German parent forming an Indian subsidiary: Handelsregister extract, articles of association, shareholder resolution, certificate of representation by a notary, apostille from the Landgericht and English translation.
Read guideExit and Restructuring: Selling, Winding Up or Reorganising an Indian Subsidiary
How a German parent exits an Indian subsidiary: share sale and FEMA pricing, capital gains and the treaty, buyback, voluntary liquidation, strike off, German effect and employee rules.
Read guideFunding an Indian Subsidiary from Germany: Equity, ECB, Hermes-Covered Loans and FEMA Reporting
How a German parent funds an Indian subsidiary: equity pricing, compulsorily convertible instruments, external commercial borrowings, euro remittance, public-lender loans, FC-GPR and the annual FLA return.
Read guideGlobal Capability Centres in India for German Companies: Engineering, IT and Shared Services
How German companies set up captive engineering, IT and shared service centres in India: entity choice, cost-plus transfer pricing, export of services, the works council on offshoring, data and build-operate-transfer.
Read guideGerman Employees in India: Treaty, Social Security Agreement and Certificate of Coverage
How income tax and social security apply to German staff in India: the 183-day treaty test, the 2009 social security agreement, the 48-month detachment rule, certificates of coverage and German tax residence.
Read guideGerman Parent Obligations: Tax, Reporting and Law for a Company with an Indian Subsidiary
German-side duties for a parent with an Indian subsidiary: corporation and trade tax, the 95% participation exemption, notification of foreign holdings, Bundesbank reports, CFC rules, HGB consolidation, anti-bribery law and Pillar Two.
Read guideHiring in India for a German Company: Contracts, Provident Fund, Labour Codes and Share Plans
A comparison for German HR teams hiring in India: employment contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, labour codes, notice and dismissal, no works council, payroll tax and share plans, set against German practice.
Read guideIncorporating an Indian Subsidiary from Germany: Who Does What, and When
A split plan for a German parent forming an Indian private limited company: what the German team does, what the Indian team does, SPICe+, bank account, FC-GPR and the first 180 days.
Read guideIndia-EU Free Trade Agreement: What It Means for German Companies Entering India
Status and content of the India-EU free trade agreement for German companies: services access, staff mobility, tariffs on components, the investment protection gap and what stays under the 1995 tax treaty.
Read guideIndia-Germany DTAA: Article-by-Article Guide to the Tax Treaty for German Companies
The India-Germany double taxation agreement explained article by article from the German parent's point of view: the flat 10% rates table, permanent establishment, share gains, relief and how to claim.
Read guideSending German Employees to India: Visas, Tax, Social Security and Permanent Establishment
What a German company must plan when sending staff to India: employment visa rules, FRRO registration, 183-day tax test, Section 392 salary tax, the Social Security Agreement, secondment contracts and PE risk.
Read guideRepatriating Profits from India to Germany: Dividends, Fees, Royalties and Loans
How a German parent receives money from an Indian subsidiary: the flat 10% treaty rate, Section 393 withholding, Forms 41, 145 and 146, German 95% exemption, VAT on service fees and Indian GST reverse charge.
Read guideChoosing an Indian Structure from Germany: Subsidiary, Joint Venture, Branch, LLP or EOR
A decision guide for German companies: wholly owned subsidiary, joint venture with an Indian partner, project office, branch, liaison office, LLP and EOR, with tests, tax results, a GmbH & Co. KG warning and a choice by business model.
Read guideSupply Chain, ESG and Customs: What German Rules Mean for Your Indian Operations
How German and EU supply chain, sustainability and carbon border rules reach an Indian subsidiary or supplier: the German Supply Chain Act (LkSG), EU reporting, CBAM, and what to prepare.
Read guideTransfer Pricing Between Germany and India: Form 48, Documentation and Function Transfers
How transfer pricing works between Germany and India: Indian arm's length rules and Form 48, German documentation duties, the function transfer rules, APAs and the mutual agreement route.
Read guide146 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from Germany
146 plain answers for German companies: incorporation, FEMA, the India-Germany tax treaty, social security agreement, staff, data protection, compliance, repatriation and exit.
Read guideChinese Employees in India: Income Tax, Provident Fund and the Missing Social Security Agreement
What a Chinese employer must plan for staff in India: the 183-day treaty test, Section 392 salary tax, residence rules, EPF contributions for international workers, the lack of a social security agreement and secondment contracts.
Read guideChinese Parent Obligations: ODI Filings, Foreign Exchange Registration and Tax Reporting
The Chinese-side steps for a parent investing in India: NDRC and MOFCOM outbound investment approval or filing, SAFE foreign exchange registration through the bank, state-owned enterprise approvals, export controls on technology and tax credit.
Read guideCommon Mistakes Chinese Companies Make When Entering India
The most frequent mistakes Chinese companies make when setting up in India: investing before Press Note 3 approval, assuming an apostille works, hidden ownership, late FEMA filings, visa mismatches and weak records.
Read guideCompliance Calendar for an Indian Subsidiary of a Chinese Company
A month-by-month compliance calendar for an Indian subsidiary of a Chinese parent: TDS, GST, PF and ESI, advance tax, AGM, AOC-4, MGT-7, FLA return, approval conditions and the Chinese-side reports.
Read guideContracts, Courts and Arbitration: Protecting a Chinese Parent and Enforcing in India
How a Chinese parent protects its Indian subsidiary contracts: choice of law and seat, CIETAC, HKIAC and SIAC arbitration, enforcement of awards under the New York Convention, judgments, stamping and the investment protection position.
Read guideData Protection for Chinese Companies in India: PIPL Export Rules and India's DPDP Act
How China's PIPL, Data Security Law and cross-border data rules apply to a Chinese company with an Indian subsidiary, and how India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act and data restrictions affect the Indian side.
Read guideDocuments for an Indian Subsidiary from China: Notary, Chinese Authentication and Indian Embassy Attestation
How to prepare Chinese company documents for an Indian subsidiary: notarisation in China, authentication by the Chinese foreign affairs authority, attestation by the Indian Embassy or Consulate, certified translations and why the Apostille Convention does not apply between China and India.
Read guideExit and Restructuring: Selling, Winding Up or Reorganising an Indian Subsidiary Owned from China
How a Chinese parent exits an Indian subsidiary: share sale and FEMA pricing, capital gains and the treaty, approval for a land-border buyer, buyback, voluntary liquidation, Chinese approvals and employee rules.
Read guideFunding the Indian Subsidiary: Equity, ECB Loans and RBI Reporting for Chinese Investors
How a Chinese parent funds an Indian subsidiary: equity pricing and valuation, compulsorily convertible instruments, external commercial borrowing, the Chinese SAFE step, inward remittance, FC-GPR and the 60-day and 30-day clocks.
Read guideHiring in India for a Chinese-Owned Company: Contracts, Provident Fund, Labour Codes and Local Management
A guide for Chinese HR teams hiring in India: written contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, labour codes, notice and termination, working hours, grievance rules and the practical issues of managing a mixed Indian and Chinese team.
Read guideIncorporation Steps for a Chinese-Owned Indian Subsidiary: Who Does What
The step-by-step plan for incorporating an Indian private limited company owned by a Chinese parent: Press Note 3 approval, documents, director clearance, SPICe+, bank account, funding, RBI reporting and the first 180 days.
Read guideIndia-China DTAA: Article-by-Article Guide with Tax Rates, PE and Relief
The India-China DTAA explained for a Chinese parent: 10% rates on dividends, interest, royalties and technical fees, permanent establishment rules, business profits, share gains, employment income, relief from double tax and how to claim treaty rates.
Read guidePress Note 3 and Chinese Investors: Government Approval for an Indian Subsidiary
How India's Press Note 3 (2020) applies to a Chinese parent: prior government approval for investors incorporated in China, the 2026 easing for passive minority land-border ownership, the control test, the 60-day sectors, director clearance and planning.
Read guideManufacturing and Joint Ventures in India for Chinese Companies: Electronics, Components and Capital Goods
How Chinese manufacturers approach India: joint ventures with Indian partners, the 60-day fast-track sectors under the amended Press Note 3, incentive schemes, technology licences, supply chains, customs and the practical limits.
Read guideSending Chinese Employees to India: Visas, Security Clearance, FRRO and Practical Planning
What a Chinese company must plan when sending staff to India: business visa limits, employment visa rules and salary floor, security clearance, the reported 2025 visa facilitation, FRRO registration, family visas and directors.
Read guideRepatriating Profits from India to China: Dividends, Fees, Royalties and Loans
How a Chinese parent receives money from an Indian subsidiary: 10% treaty withholding, Section 393, Forms 41, 145 and 146, Chinese tax credit, scrutiny of related-party payments and the documents banks ask for.
Read guideRestricted Sectors, Public Procurement and Trade Rules for Chinese-Linked Companies in India
Beyond Press Note 3: sector limits, the registration rule for land-border-country bidders in government procurement, blocked apps and security reviews, customs duty, anti-dumping duties and enforcement scrutiny for a Chinese-owned company in India.
Read guideSubsidiary, Joint Venture, Branch or EOR: Choosing the Structure for a Chinese Investor
A comparison of ways for a Chinese company to operate in India: wholly owned subsidiary, joint venture with an Indian partner, branch or liaison office, LLP and Employer of Record, with Press Note 3 and approval consequences for each.
Read guideTransfer Pricing Between China and India: Form 48, Documentation and Technology Charges
How transfer pricing works between China and India: Indian arm's length rules and Form 48, pricing of components, equipment and technology, customs value, Chinese documentation, advance pricing agreements and disputes.
Read guide147 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from China
147 plain answers for Chinese companies: Press Note 3 approval, incorporation, FEMA, the India-China tax treaty, documents, staff, data protection, compliance, repatriation and exit.
Read guideAudit and ICOFR for Indian Subsidiaries of Japanese Companies
Statutory audit, tax audit, GST audit and internal controls over financial reporting for an Indian subsidiary of a Japanese group. What to expect and how to prepare
Read guide10 Common Mistakes Japanese Companies Make Setting Up in India
The ten most common and costly mistakes Japanese companies make when setting up an Indian subsidiary, and how to avoid each. Includes a pre-filing checklist
Read guideIndia Subsidiary Compliance Calendar for Japanese Companies
The yearly compliance calendar of an Indian subsidiary owned by a Japanese company: monthly, quarterly and annual filings, mapped to a 31 March parent year-end
Read guideContracts and Arbitration in India for Japanese Companies
Contracts for a Japanese-owned Indian subsidiary: intercompany and customer agreements, governing law, arbitration seat and enforcing awards from Japan in India
Read guideDocuments and Apostille for a Japanese Parent Company
Which documents a Japanese parent must prepare to incorporate an Indian subsidiary, and how notarization, translation and apostille work in Japan
Read guideIndia-Japan Tax Treaty and Permanent Establishment Risk
How the India-Japan tax treaty applies to payments to your Japanese parent: 10% Withholding Tax rates, residence certificate, Form 41 and permanent establishment risk
Read guideEOR vs Subsidiary in India: Right for a Japanese Company?
Compare an Employer of Record with your own Indian subsidiary: speed, control, compliance, tax presence and when to convert. A guide for Japanese companies
Read guideESOPs for Indian Employees of a Japanese Parent Company
How ESOPs and RSUs work for employees of an Indian subsidiary: FEMA reporting, employee tax, valuation, cost recharge and transfer pricing for a Japanese parent
Read guideSending a Japanese Executive to India: Visa, Housing and Tax
How to relocate a Japanese executive to India: employment visa, FRRO registration, housing, banking, tax residency and permanent establishment risk for the parent
Read guideFunding an Indian Subsidiary from Japan: FEMA and FC-GPR
How a Japanese parent invests in an Indian subsidiary: equity, CCPS, ECB, the 60-day allotment rule, pricing, and RBI reporting through Form FC-GPR on FIRMS
Read guideGlobal VAT for Japanese Companies Selling Abroad
How VAT works for Japanese companies selling digital services and goods into Europe, the UK and beyond: registration, B2B and B2C rules and compliance
Read guideHiring in India for a Japanese Company: Contracts and Payroll
How Japanese companies hire in India: employment contracts, provident fund, ESI, gratuity, professional tax, payroll steps and India's labour codes
Read guideIncorporating an Indian Subsidiary from Japan, Step by Step
The eight steps to incorporate a wholly owned subsidiary in India from Japan: forms, order of steps, typical 4 to 6 week timeline and first 90 days
Read guideJapanese Parent Reporting for an Indian Subsidiary
Japanese reporting that follows when you own an Indian subsidiary: CFC rules, dividend exemption, transfer pricing documentation, J-SOX and overseas reporting
Read guideRepatriating Profits from India to Japan: Forms and Tax
How a Japanese parent receives money from its Indian subsidiary: dividends, service fees, royalties, loans. Forms 145 and 146, Withholding Tax and DTAA relief
Read guideResident Director Rules for a Japanese-Owned Indian Company
Every Indian company needs a Resident Director who has stayed in India 182 days in the financial year. Who qualifies, options for Japanese parents, and duties
Read guideRestructuring or Exiting an Indian Subsidiary of a Japanese Group
How a Japanese parent can restructure, sell, merge or close its Indian subsidiary: share sale, slump sale, merger, buyback and winding up, with FEMA and tax steps
Read guideShare Valuation for Japanese Investment in an Indian Subsidiary
Why shares issued to a Japanese parent need a valuation, who can certify it, the pricing floor under FEMA, and when you need a fresh valuation
Read guideSubsidiary, Branch, Liaison Office or LLP: India Options for Japanese Companies
Compare the four ways a Japanese company can enter India: wholly owned subsidiary, branch office, liaison office and LLP. Activities, approvals, tax and control
Read guideIndia-Japan Tax Treaty and Social Security for Expats
The India-Japan tax treaty (DTAA) and Social Security Agreement for Japanese companies and expats: 10% treaty rates, residency, EPF and pensions
Read guideIndia-Japan DTAA Withholding Tax Rates: Payments to Japan
Treaty rates for payments from India to Japan: 10% on dividends, interest, royalties and fees for technical services, against 20% domestic rates
Read guideEPF for International Workers: Rules for Japanese Expats
How Indian provident fund applies to foreign nationals: international worker rules, no wage ceiling, the Japan agreement exclusion and the 2026 EPF Scheme
Read guideTax Residency for Japanese Expats in India: Treaty Rules
Which country taxes a Japanese expat in India: Indian residency tests, Japanese residency, treaty tie-breaker, the 183-day rule and foreign tax credit
Read guideTreaty and Social Security FAQs for India-Japan Expats
50 plain answers on the India-Japan tax treaty, 10% withholding rates, certificate of residence, Form 41, expat tax and the Japan-India social security agreement
Read guideIndia-Japan Tax Treaty (DTAA) Explained
How the India-Japan tax treaty works: who qualifies, taxes covered, treaty versus domestic law, residency, relief from double tax and disputes
Read guideJapan-India Social Security Agreement: Rules for Expats
How the Japan-India Social Security Agreement works: detached workers, five-year coverage, Certificate of Coverage, pension systems covered and totalization
Read guideJapanese Social Insurance for Employees Sent to India
What happens to Japanese pension, health and employment insurance when an employee is sent to India: the Certificate of Coverage and who pays what
Read guideClaiming India-Japan Treaty Benefits: Forms and Documents
Documents a Japanese company needs to claim India-Japan treaty rates: certificate of residence, Form 41 (previously Form 10F) and no-PE declaration
Read guideHandling Indian Tax Notices for a Japanese-Owned Subsidiary
How a Japanese-owned Indian subsidiary should handle Indian income tax, GST and transfer pricing notices: deadlines, replies, appeals and the India-Japan MAP
Read guideTransfer Pricing in India for Japanese-Owned Subsidiaries
How transfer pricing works for an Indian subsidiary of a Japanese company: arm's length pricing, documentation, Form 48, methods, safe harbour and audits
Read guide216 FAQs: Setting Up an India Subsidiary from Japan
216 plain answers for Japanese companies: incorporation, FEMA, tax, hiring, compliance, repatriation, ESOPs, M&A and closing an Indian subsidiary
Read guide